müssen — German conjugation

to must (modal verb)

Frequency#5Irregular

Indicative

Present (Präsens) Irregular

Präsens is the default present for facts, habits, and near-future plans. German has no continuous aspect in the same way as English, so a single form often covers both “I work” and “I am working” when you add a time adverb or context.

Ich arbeite heute im Homeoffice.

PronounGermanEnglish
ichmussI must
dumusstyou must
er/sie/esmusshe/she/it musts
wirmüssenwe must
ihrmüsstyou (pl.) must
sie/Siemüssenthey must

Simple past (Präteritum) Irregular

Präteritum is a narrative past, common in print and in northern speech, while southern speakers lean on the perfect in conversation. sein and haben keep their Präteritum even when you otherwise avoid the preterite.

Er war müde, aber er hatte keinen Kaffee mehr.

PronounGermanEnglish
ichmussteI musted
dumusstestyou musted
er/sie/esmusstehe/she/it musted
wirmusstenwe musted
ihrmusstetyou (pl.) musted
sie/Siemusstenthey musted

Present perfect (Perfekt) Irregular

The Perfekt is the everyday past for finished events: auxiliary haben or sein plus participle, with sein for most motion, coming/going, and some change-of-state verbs.

Wir sind rechtzeitig angekommen und haben gefeiert.

PronounGermanEnglish
ichhabe gemusstI have musted
duhast gemusstyou have musted
er/sie/eshat gemussthe/she/it has musted
wirhaben gemusstwe have musted
ihrhabt gemusstyou (pl.) have musted
sie/Siehaben gemusstthey have musted

Pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt) Irregular

The Plusquamperfekt is the pluperfect: it marks what had already completed before a later past episode in the same narrative.

Sie war schon gegangen, bevor er ankam.

PronounGermanEnglish
ichhatte gemusstI had musted
duhattest gemusstyou had musted
er/sie/eshatte gemussthe/she/it had musted
wirhatten gemusstwe had musted
ihrhattet gemusstyou (pl.) had musted
sie/Siehatten gemusstthey had musted

Future I (Futur I) Irregular

Futur I is for predictions, firm promises, and also probability about the present in colloquial German. Everyday speech very often uses Präsens plus a time expression instead.

Morgen schneit es, sagt der Wetterbericht.

PronounGermanEnglish
ichwerde müssenI will must
duwirst müssenyou will must
er/sie/eswird müssenhe/she/it will must
wirwerden müssenwe will must
ihrwerdet müssenyou (pl.) will must
sie/Siewerden müssenthey will must

Future II (Futur II) Irregular

Futur II (werden + participle + haben/sein) names an action that will be completed before a later time, and can also express a guess that something must already have happened.

Bis Freitag werde ich alles gepackt haben.

PronounGermanEnglish
ichwerde gemusst habenI will have musted
duwirst gemusst habenyou will have musted
er/sie/eswird gemusst habenhe/she/it will have musted
wirwerden gemusst habenwe will have musted
ihrwerdet gemusst habenyou (pl.) will have musted
sie/Siewerden gemusst habenthey will have musted

Subjunctive

Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) Irregular

Konjunktiv II is the mood for politeness, contrary-to-fact if-clauses, and reported views. In speech, würde + infinitive often stands in for rarer preterit-based forms.

Könnten Sie mir bitte helfen?

PronounGerman
ichmüsste
dumüsstest
er/sie/esmüsste
wirmüssten
ihrmüsstet
sie/Siemüssten

Other forms

Imperative (Imperativ) Irregular

The imperative uses the du, ihr, and Sie forms of command; the informal du form drops the -st of the present for many strong verbs, and separable-prefix verbs place the prefix at the end.

Mach bitte schnell, der Zug fährt gleich ab.

PronounGerman
dumüsse
ihrmüsst