confutare — Italian conjugation
to refute
Indicative
Present (Presente) Regular
The presente covers habits, ongoing situations, and plans about to start — much like English “I study” and “I am studying”. One present tense does both in Italian.
Lavora da casa tre giorni a settimana.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | confuto | I refute |
| tu | confuti | you refute |
| lui/lei | confuta | he/she/it refutes |
| noi | confutiamo | we refute |
| voi | confutate | you (pl.) refute |
| loro | confutano | they refute |
Simple past (Passato remoto) Regular
The passato remoto tells a completed, narrative past, especially in the south and in literature. The passato prossimo is the normal spoken past in the north, so you choose register and region, not a difference in time alone.
Quella sera arrivò tardi, senza alibi.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | confutai | I refuted |
| tu | confutasti | you refuted |
| lui/lei | confutò | he/she/it refuted |
| noi | confutammo | we refuted |
| voi | confutaste | you (pl.) refuted |
| loro | confutarono | they refuted |
Imperfect (Imperfetto) Regular
The imperfetto is for incomplete past actions, context, and repeated or habitual situations without a clear end. The passato prossimo, not the remoto, is its usual “event” partner in speech.
Da bambina passavo le estati al mare.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | confutavo |
| tu | confutavi |
| lui/lei | confutava |
| noi | confutavamo |
| voi | confutavate |
| loro | confutavano |
Conditional (Condizionale) Regular
The condizionale is for polite “would you…”, first-condition hypotheticals, and reported future from a past point of view. The classic if-chain is se + imperfetto → condizionale.
Potresti alzare un poco la voce?
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | confuterei | I would refute |
| tu | confuteresti | you would refute |
| lui/lei | confuterebbe | he/she/it would refute |
| noi | confuteremmo | we would refute |
| voi | confutereste | you (pl.) would refute |
| loro | confuterebbero | they would refute |
Future (Futuro semplice) Regular
The futuro semplice is for predictions and far decisions. In speech you often hear the present (with a time adverb) or a paraphrase, and a famous trick is the futuro di probabilità for a present guess: saranno le tre.
Domani partiremo all'alba.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | confuterò | I will refute |
| tu | confuterai | you will refute |
| lui/lei | confuterà | he/she/it will refute |
| noi | confuteremo | we will refute |
| voi | confuterete | you (pl.) will refute |
| loro | confuteranno | they will refute |
Present perfect (Passato prossimo) Regular
The passato prossimo is the workhorse preterit-like past in the north and in everyday Italian: avere/essere + participle, essere for reflexives, motion, and other change-of-state patterns.
Siamo andati a piedi, poi abbiamo preso l'autobus.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | ho confutato | I have refuted |
| tu | hai confutato | you have refuted |
| lui/lei | ha confutato | he/she/it has refuted |
| noi | abbiamo confutato | we have refuted |
| voi | avete confutato | you (pl.) have refuted |
| loro | hanno confutato | they have refuted |
Pluperfect (Trapassato prossimo) Regular
The trapassato prossimo is “further in the past than another past” — the Italian pluperfect. It pairs with a main past clause to mark sequence.
Avevamo già mangiato quando suonò il telefono.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avevo confutato | I had refuted |
| tu | avevi confutato | you had refuted |
| lui/lei | aveva confutato | he/she/it had refuted |
| noi | avevamo confutato | we had refuted |
| voi | avevate confutato | you (pl.) had refuted |
| loro | avevano confutato | they had refuted |
Conditional perfect (Condizionale passato) Regular
The condizionale passato is for unreal or missed past results and often appears with se + trapassato prossimo in the protasis.
Avrei accettato, se mi avessero avvisato in tempo.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | avrei confutato |
| tu | avresti confutato |
| lui/lei | avrebbe confutato |
| noi | avremmo confutato |
| voi | avreste confutato |
| loro | avrebbero confutato |
Future perfect (Futuro anteriore) Regular
The futuro anteriore says something will already be over before a still-later future, or, like the French, can express a logical guess about a past result.
Entro le cinque, avrà già lasciato l'ufficio.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avrò confutato | I will have refuted |
| tu | avrai confutato | you will have refuted |
| lui/lei | avrà confutato | he/she/it will have refuted |
| noi | avremo confutato | we will have refuted |
| voi | avrete confutato | you (pl.) will have refuted |
| loro | avranno confutato | they will have refuted |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Congiuntivo presente) Regular
The congiuntivo presente is required after many verbs and fixed phrases of will, fear, purpose, and doubt. Impersonal and semi-impersonal triggers (è importante che) also force the subjunctive mood.
Penso che sia la scelta giusta.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | confuti |
| tu | confuti |
| lui/lei | confuti |
| noi | confutiamo |
| voi | confutiate |
| loro | confutino |
Imperfect subjunctive (Congiuntivo imperfetto) Regular
The congiuntivo imperfetto is the past of the congiuntivo system after a past matrix clause and in se + congi. imperf. → condizionale with unreal conditions.
Se avessi più tempo, viaggerei ogni mese.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | confutassi |
| tu | confutassi |
| lui/lei | confutasse |
| noi | confutassimo |
| voi | confutaste |
| loro | confutassero |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo) Regular
The affirmative imperativo reuses the tu form as 3sg for -are verbs, while other conjugations use the normal tu present. It is the direct command register.
Raccontami com'è andata l'esame.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | confuta |
| lui/lei | confuti |
| noi | confutiamo |
| voi | confutate |
| loro | confutino |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands use non + full infinitive in modern Italian, which is a distinctive rule compared to other Romance languages. Polite or indirect “please don’t” can still soften the tone in context.
Non aprire quella finestra, per favore.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | non confutare |
| lui/lei | non confuti |
| noi | non confutiamo |
| voi | non confutate |
| loro | non confutino |