includere — Italian conjugation
to include
Indicative
Present (Presente) Regular
The presente covers habits, ongoing situations, and plans about to start — much like English “I study” and “I am studying”. One present tense does both in Italian.
Lavora da casa tre giorni a settimana.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | includo | I include |
| tu | includi | you include |
| lui/lei | include | he/she/it includes |
| noi | includiamo | we include |
| voi | includete | you (pl.) include |
| loro | includono | they include |
Simple past (Passato remoto) Irregular
The passato remoto tells a completed, narrative past, especially in the south and in literature. The passato prossimo is the normal spoken past in the north, so you choose register and region, not a difference in time alone.
Quella sera arrivò tardi, senza alibi.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | inclusi | I included |
| tu | includesti | you included |
| lui/lei | incluse | he/she/it included |
| noi | includemmo | we included |
| voi | includeste | you (pl.) included |
| loro | inclusero | they included |
Imperfect (Imperfetto) Regular
The imperfetto is for incomplete past actions, context, and repeated or habitual situations without a clear end. The passato prossimo, not the remoto, is its usual “event” partner in speech.
Da bambina passavo le estati al mare.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | includevo |
| tu | includevi |
| lui/lei | includeva |
| noi | includevamo |
| voi | includevate |
| loro | includevano |
Conditional (Condizionale) Regular
The condizionale is for polite “would you…”, first-condition hypotheticals, and reported future from a past point of view. The classic if-chain is se + imperfetto → condizionale.
Potresti alzare un poco la voce?
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | includerei | I would include |
| tu | includeresti | you would include |
| lui/lei | includerebbe | he/she/it would include |
| noi | includeremmo | we would include |
| voi | includereste | you (pl.) would include |
| loro | includerebbero | they would include |
Future (Futuro semplice) Regular
The futuro semplice is for predictions and far decisions. In speech you often hear the present (with a time adverb) or a paraphrase, and a famous trick is the futuro di probabilità for a present guess: saranno le tre.
Domani partiremo all'alba.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | includerò | I will include |
| tu | includerai | you will include |
| lui/lei | includerà | he/she/it will include |
| noi | includeremo | we will include |
| voi | includerete | you (pl.) will include |
| loro | includeranno | they will include |
Present perfect (Passato prossimo) Regular
The passato prossimo is the workhorse preterit-like past in the north and in everyday Italian: avere/essere + participle, essere for reflexives, motion, and other change-of-state patterns.
Siamo andati a piedi, poi abbiamo preso l'autobus.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | ho incluso | I have included |
| tu | hai incluso | you have included |
| lui/lei | ha incluso | he/she/it has included |
| noi | abbiamo incluso | we have included |
| voi | avete incluso | you (pl.) have included |
| loro | hanno incluso | they have included |
Pluperfect (Trapassato prossimo) Regular
The trapassato prossimo is “further in the past than another past” — the Italian pluperfect. It pairs with a main past clause to mark sequence.
Avevamo già mangiato quando suonò il telefono.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avevo incluso | I had included |
| tu | avevi incluso | you had included |
| lui/lei | aveva incluso | he/she/it had included |
| noi | avevamo incluso | we had included |
| voi | avevate incluso | you (pl.) had included |
| loro | avevano incluso | they had included |
Conditional perfect (Condizionale passato) Regular
The condizionale passato is for unreal or missed past results and often appears with se + trapassato prossimo in the protasis.
Avrei accettato, se mi avessero avvisato in tempo.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | avrei incluso |
| tu | avresti incluso |
| lui/lei | avrebbe incluso |
| noi | avremmo incluso |
| voi | avreste incluso |
| loro | avrebbero incluso |
Future perfect (Futuro anteriore) Regular
The futuro anteriore says something will already be over before a still-later future, or, like the French, can express a logical guess about a past result.
Entro le cinque, avrà già lasciato l'ufficio.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avrò incluso | I will have included |
| tu | avrai incluso | you will have included |
| lui/lei | avrà incluso | he/she/it will have included |
| noi | avremo incluso | we will have included |
| voi | avrete incluso | you (pl.) will have included |
| loro | avranno incluso | they will have included |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Congiuntivo presente) Regular
The congiuntivo presente is required after many verbs and fixed phrases of will, fear, purpose, and doubt. Impersonal and semi-impersonal triggers (è importante che) also force the subjunctive mood.
Penso che sia la scelta giusta.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | includa |
| tu | includa |
| lui/lei | includa |
| noi | includiamo |
| voi | includiate |
| loro | includano |
Imperfect subjunctive (Congiuntivo imperfetto) Regular
The congiuntivo imperfetto is the past of the congiuntivo system after a past matrix clause and in se + congi. imperf. → condizionale with unreal conditions.
Se avessi più tempo, viaggerei ogni mese.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | includessi |
| tu | includessi |
| lui/lei | includesse |
| noi | includessimo |
| voi | includeste |
| loro | includessero |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo) Regular
The affirmative imperativo reuses the tu form as 3sg for -are verbs, while other conjugations use the normal tu present. It is the direct command register.
Raccontami com'è andata l'esame.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | includi |
| lui/lei | includa |
| noi | includiamo |
| voi | includete |
| loro | includano |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands use non + full infinitive in modern Italian, which is a distinctive rule compared to other Romance languages. Polite or indirect “please don’t” can still soften the tone in context.
Non aprire quella finestra, per favore.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | non includere |
| lui/lei | non includa |
| noi | non includiamo |
| voi | non includete |
| loro | non includano |