sgobbare — Italian conjugation
to toil
Indicative
Present (Presente) Regular
The presente covers habits, ongoing situations, and plans about to start — much like English “I study” and “I am studying”. One present tense does both in Italian.
Lavora da casa tre giorni a settimana.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | sgobbo | I toil |
| tu | sgobbi | you toil |
| lui/lei | sgobba | he/she/it toils |
| noi | sgobbiamo | we toil |
| voi | sgobbate | you (pl.) toil |
| loro | sgobbano | they toil |
Simple past (Passato remoto) Regular
The passato remoto tells a completed, narrative past, especially in the south and in literature. The passato prossimo is the normal spoken past in the north, so you choose register and region, not a difference in time alone.
Quella sera arrivò tardi, senza alibi.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | sgobbai | I toiled |
| tu | sgobbasti | you toiled |
| lui/lei | sgobbò | he/she/it toiled |
| noi | sgobbammo | we toiled |
| voi | sgobbaste | you (pl.) toiled |
| loro | sgobbarono | they toiled |
Imperfect (Imperfetto) Regular
The imperfetto is for incomplete past actions, context, and repeated or habitual situations without a clear end. The passato prossimo, not the remoto, is its usual “event” partner in speech.
Da bambina passavo le estati al mare.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | sgobbavo |
| tu | sgobbavi |
| lui/lei | sgobbava |
| noi | sgobbavamo |
| voi | sgobbavate |
| loro | sgobbavano |
Conditional (Condizionale) Regular
The condizionale is for polite “would you…”, first-condition hypotheticals, and reported future from a past point of view. The classic if-chain is se + imperfetto → condizionale.
Potresti alzare un poco la voce?
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | sgobberei | I would toil |
| tu | sgobberesti | you would toil |
| lui/lei | sgobberebbe | he/she/it would toil |
| noi | sgobberemmo | we would toil |
| voi | sgobbereste | you (pl.) would toil |
| loro | sgobberebbero | they would toil |
Future (Futuro semplice) Regular
The futuro semplice is for predictions and far decisions. In speech you often hear the present (with a time adverb) or a paraphrase, and a famous trick is the futuro di probabilità for a present guess: saranno le tre.
Domani partiremo all'alba.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | sgobberò | I will toil |
| tu | sgobberai | you will toil |
| lui/lei | sgobberà | he/she/it will toil |
| noi | sgobberemo | we will toil |
| voi | sgobberete | you (pl.) will toil |
| loro | sgobberanno | they will toil |
Present perfect (Passato prossimo) Regular
The passato prossimo is the workhorse preterit-like past in the north and in everyday Italian: avere/essere + participle, essere for reflexives, motion, and other change-of-state patterns.
Siamo andati a piedi, poi abbiamo preso l'autobus.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | ho sgobbato | I have toiled |
| tu | hai sgobbato | you have toiled |
| lui/lei | ha sgobbato | he/she/it has toiled |
| noi | abbiamo sgobbato | we have toiled |
| voi | avete sgobbato | you (pl.) have toiled |
| loro | hanno sgobbato | they have toiled |
Pluperfect (Trapassato prossimo) Regular
The trapassato prossimo is “further in the past than another past” — the Italian pluperfect. It pairs with a main past clause to mark sequence.
Avevamo già mangiato quando suonò il telefono.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avevo sgobbato | I had toiled |
| tu | avevi sgobbato | you had toiled |
| lui/lei | aveva sgobbato | he/she/it had toiled |
| noi | avevamo sgobbato | we had toiled |
| voi | avevate sgobbato | you (pl.) had toiled |
| loro | avevano sgobbato | they had toiled |
Conditional perfect (Condizionale passato) Regular
The condizionale passato is for unreal or missed past results and often appears with se + trapassato prossimo in the protasis.
Avrei accettato, se mi avessero avvisato in tempo.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | avrei sgobbato |
| tu | avresti sgobbato |
| lui/lei | avrebbe sgobbato |
| noi | avremmo sgobbato |
| voi | avreste sgobbato |
| loro | avrebbero sgobbato |
Future perfect (Futuro anteriore) Regular
The futuro anteriore says something will already be over before a still-later future, or, like the French, can express a logical guess about a past result.
Entro le cinque, avrà già lasciato l'ufficio.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avrò sgobbato | I will have toiled |
| tu | avrai sgobbato | you will have toiled |
| lui/lei | avrà sgobbato | he/she/it will have toiled |
| noi | avremo sgobbato | we will have toiled |
| voi | avrete sgobbato | you (pl.) will have toiled |
| loro | avranno sgobbato | they will have toiled |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Congiuntivo presente) Regular
The congiuntivo presente is required after many verbs and fixed phrases of will, fear, purpose, and doubt. Impersonal and semi-impersonal triggers (è importante che) also force the subjunctive mood.
Penso che sia la scelta giusta.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | sgobbi |
| tu | sgobbi |
| lui/lei | sgobbi |
| noi | sgobbiamo |
| voi | sgobbiate |
| loro | sgobbino |
Imperfect subjunctive (Congiuntivo imperfetto) Regular
The congiuntivo imperfetto is the past of the congiuntivo system after a past matrix clause and in se + congi. imperf. → condizionale with unreal conditions.
Se avessi più tempo, viaggerei ogni mese.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | sgobbassi |
| tu | sgobbassi |
| lui/lei | sgobbasse |
| noi | sgobbassimo |
| voi | sgobbaste |
| loro | sgobbassero |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo) Regular
The affirmative imperativo reuses the tu form as 3sg for -are verbs, while other conjugations use the normal tu present. It is the direct command register.
Raccontami com'è andata l'esame.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | sgobba |
| lui/lei | sgobbi |
| noi | sgobbiamo |
| voi | sgobbate |
| loro | sgobbino |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands use non + full infinitive in modern Italian, which is a distinctive rule compared to other Romance languages. Polite or indirect “please don’t” can still soften the tone in context.
Non aprire quella finestra, per favore.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | non sgobbare |
| lui/lei | non sgobbi |
| noi | non sgobbiamo |
| voi | non sgobbate |
| loro | non sgobbino |