castigar — Portuguese conjugation
to punish
Indicative
Present (Presente) Regular
The presente covers routines, states, and immediate future with adverbs like hoje or amanhã. One present form covers both English simple and progressive readings in most situations.
Ela estuda português todas as noites.
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | castigo | I punish |
| tu | castigas | you punish |
| você | castiga | you punish |
| ele/ela | castiga | he/she/it punishes |
| nós | castigamos | we punish |
| vós | castigais | you (pl.) punish |
| vocês | castigam | you (pl.) punish |
| eles/elas | castigam | they punish |
Preterite (Pretérito perfeito simples) Irregular
The pretérito perfeito simples is a sharp, completed past. In European Portuguese it is the standard story-telling past; Brazilian usage often prefers the compound form in speech while keeping the simple for narrative and writing.
Ontem escreveu a carta inteira de uma vez.
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | castiguei | I punished |
| tu | castigaste | you punished |
| você | castigou | you punished |
| ele/ela | castigou | he/she/it punished |
| nós | castigamos | we punished |
| vós | castigastes | you (pl.) punished |
| vocês | castigaram | you (pl.) punished |
| eles/elas | castigaram | they punished |
Imperfect (Pretérito imperfeito) Regular
The imperfeito describes past background, repeated actions, and how things used to be. Contrast it with the simple preterite for the “main event” line of a story.
Quando era criança, brincava na praia.
| Pronoun | Portuguese |
|---|---|
| eu | castigava |
| tu | castigavas |
| você | castigava |
| ele/ela | castigava |
| nós | castigávamos |
| vós | castigáveis |
| vocês | castigavam |
| eles/elas | castigavam |
Conditional (Condicional) Regular
The condicional is for polite offers, soft questions, and hypothetical “would” outcomes, and it often closes a se + imperfeito do subjuntivo chain in formal style.
Você poderia me explicar outra vez?
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | castigaria | I would punish |
| tu | castigarias | you would punish |
| você | castigaria | you would punish |
| ele/ela | castigaria | he/she/it would punish |
| nós | castigaríamos | we would punish |
| vós | castigaríeis | you (pl.) would punish |
| vocês | castigariam | you (pl.) would punish |
| eles/elas | castigariam | they would punish |
Future (Futuro do presente) Regular
The futuro do presente states future facts; in everyday conversation you will often hear ir + infinitive or even the present with a time adverb instead of the synthetic future.
Amanhã faremos a reunião mais cedo.
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | castigarei | I will punish |
| tu | castigarás | you will punish |
| você | castigará | you will punish |
| ele/ela | castigará | he/she/it will punish |
| nós | castigaremos | we will punish |
| vós | castigareis | you (pl.) will punish |
| vocês | castigarão | you (pl.) will punish |
| eles/elas | castigarão | they will punish |
Present perfect (Pretérito perfeito composto) Regular
The pretérito perfeito composto uses ter or haver plus the participle for a past that still touches the present or happens repeatedly up to now — a “have done” perfect with strong links to European norms.
Tenho pensado nisso há semanas.
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | tenho castigado | I have punished |
| tu | tens castigado | you have punished |
| você | tem castigado | you have punished |
| ele/ela | tem castigado | he/she/it has punished |
| nós | temos castigado | we have punished |
| vós | tendes castigado | you (pl.) have punished |
| vocês | têm castigado | you (pl.) have punished |
| eles/elas | têm castigado | they have punished |
Pluperfect (Mais-que-perfeito composto) Regular
The mais-que-perfeito composto is the pluperfect: an action was already finished before another past reference. It mirrors the English “had already”.
Já tinham saído quando chegámos.
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | tinha castigado | I had punished |
| tu | tinhas castigado | you had punished |
| você | tinha castigado | you had punished |
| ele/ela | tinha castigado | he/she/it had punished |
| nós | tínhamos castigado | we had punished |
| vós | tínheis castigado | you (pl.) had punished |
| vocês | tinham castigado | you (pl.) had punished |
| eles/elas | tinham castigado | they had punished |
Conditional perfect (Condicional composto) Regular
The condicional composto expresses a counterfactual “would have” and appears with the right kind of if-clause in the subjunctive past for unreal conditions.
Teria aceite se tiveses avisado com antecedência.
| Pronoun | Portuguese |
|---|---|
| eu | teria castigado |
| tu | terias castigado |
| você | teria castigado |
| ele/ela | teria castigado |
| nós | teríamos castigado |
| vós | teríeis castigado |
| vocês | teriam castigado |
| eles/elas | teriam castigado |
Future perfect (Futuro composto) Regular
The futuro composto is the future-in-the-future: something will be finished before a later time. It is less frequent than the simple future but still useful for deadlines.
Até sexta, teremos lido tudo o relatório.
| Pronoun | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
| eu | terei castigado | I will have punished |
| tu | terás castigado | you will have punished |
| você | terá castigado | you will have punished |
| ele/ela | terá castigado | he/she/it will have punished |
| nós | teremos castigado | we will have punished |
| vós | tereis castigado | you (pl.) will have punished |
| vocês | terão castigado | you (pl.) will have punished |
| eles/elas | terão castigado | they will have punished |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Conjuntivo presente) Regular
The present subjunctive appears after want, hope, fear, and impersonal triggers, and typically requires a new subject in the subordinate clause, just as in the other main Romance languages.
Espero que encontres o caminho fácil.
| Pronoun | Portuguese |
|---|---|
| eu | castigue |
| tu | castigues |
| você | castigue |
| ele/ela | castigue |
| nós | castiguemos |
| vós | castigueis |
| vocês | castiguem |
| eles/elas | castiguem |
Imperfect subjunctive (Conjuntivo pretérito imperf.) Regular
The imperfect subjunctive in se + subjunctive → condicional is the classic “if I were a rich man” line in European Portuguese, parallel to the Spanish -ra form.
Se tivesse mais tempo, aprenderia outro idioma.
| Pronoun | Portuguese |
|---|---|
| eu | castigasse |
| tu | castigasses |
| você | castigasse |
| ele/ela | castigasse |
| nós | castigássemos |
| vós | castigásseis |
| vocês | castigassem |
| eles/elas | castigassem |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo afirmativo) Regular
The affirmative imperative in Portuguese is built with tu, você, nós, vós, and vocês forms; Brazilian norms favour você/vocês with third-person present verb shapes.
Diga a verdade, por favor.
| Pronoun | Portuguese |
|---|---|
| tu | castiga |
| você | castigue |
| ele/ela | castigue |
| nós | castiguemos |
| vós | castigai |
| vocês | castiguem |
| eles/elas | castiguem |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands require não plus the present subjunctive for each person, which is a distinctive feature compared to other Romance systems that reuse present indicative in some slots.
Não falemos com pressa, está tudo calmo.
| Pronoun | Portuguese |
|---|---|
| tu | não castigues |
| você | não castigue |
| ele/ela | não castigue |
| nós | não castiguemos |
| vós | não castigueis |
| vocês | não castiguem |
| eles/elas | não castiguem |