ser — Portuguese conjugation

to be (essence, identity)

Frequency#1IrregularReflexiveser-se — to be oneself

Indicative

Present (Presente) Irregular

The presente covers routines, states, and immediate future with adverbs like hoje or amanhã. One present form covers both English simple and progressive readings in most situations.

Ela estuda português todas as noites.

PronounPortugueseEnglish
eusouI am
tuésyou are
vocêéyou are
ele/elaéhe/she/it is
nóssomoswe are
vóssoisyou (pl.) are
vocêssãoyou (pl.) are
eles/elassãothey are

Preterite (Pretérito perfeito simples) Irregular

The pretérito perfeito simples is a sharp, completed past. In European Portuguese it is the standard story-telling past; Brazilian usage often prefers the compound form in speech while keeping the simple for narrative and writing.

Ontem escreveu a carta inteira de uma vez.

PronounPortugueseEnglish
eufuiI was
tufosteyou were
vocêfoiyou were
ele/elafoihe/she/it was
nósfomoswe were
vósfostesyou (pl.) were
vocêsforamyou (pl.) were
eles/elasforamthey were

Imperfect (Pretérito imperfeito) Irregular

The imperfeito describes past background, repeated actions, and how things used to be. Contrast it with the simple preterite for the “main event” line of a story.

Quando era criança, brincava na praia.

PronounPortuguese
euera
tueras
vocêera
ele/elaera
nóséramos
vóséreis
vocêseram
eles/elaseram

Conditional (Condicional) Regular

The condicional is for polite offers, soft questions, and hypothetical “would” outcomes, and it often closes a se + imperfeito do subjuntivo chain in formal style.

Você poderia me explicar outra vez?

PronounPortugueseEnglish
euseriaI would be
tuseriasyou would be
vocêseriayou would be
ele/elaseriahe/she/it would be
nósseríamoswe would be
vósseríeisyou (pl.) would be
vocêsseriamyou (pl.) would be
eles/elasseriamthey would be

Future (Futuro do presente) Regular

The futuro do presente states future facts; in everyday conversation you will often hear ir + infinitive or even the present with a time adverb instead of the synthetic future.

Amanhã faremos a reunião mais cedo.

PronounPortugueseEnglish
eusereiI will be
tuserásyou will be
vocêseráyou will be
ele/elaseráhe/she/it will be
nósseremoswe will be
vóssereisyou (pl.) will be
vocêsserãoyou (pl.) will be
eles/elasserãothey will be

Present perfect (Pretérito perfeito composto) Regular

The pretérito perfeito composto uses ter or haver plus the participle for a past that still touches the present or happens repeatedly up to now — a “have done” perfect with strong links to European norms.

Tenho pensado nisso há semanas.

PronounPortugueseEnglish
eutenho sidoI have been
tutens sidoyou have been
vocêtem sidoyou have been
ele/elatem sidohe/she/it has been
nóstemos sidowe have been
vóstendes sidoyou (pl.) have been
vocêstêm sidoyou (pl.) have been
eles/elastêm sidothey have been

Pluperfect (Mais-que-perfeito composto) Regular

The mais-que-perfeito composto is the pluperfect: an action was already finished before another past reference. It mirrors the English “had already”.

Já tinham saído quando chegámos.

PronounPortugueseEnglish
eutinha sidoI had been
tutinhas sidoyou had been
vocêtinha sidoyou had been
ele/elatinha sidohe/she/it had been
nóstínhamos sidowe had been
vóstínheis sidoyou (pl.) had been
vocêstinham sidoyou (pl.) had been
eles/elastinham sidothey had been

Conditional perfect (Condicional composto) Regular

The condicional composto expresses a counterfactual “would have” and appears with the right kind of if-clause in the subjunctive past for unreal conditions.

Teria aceite se tiveses avisado com antecedência.

PronounPortuguese
euteria sido
tuterias sido
vocêteria sido
ele/elateria sido
nósteríamos sido
vósteríeis sido
vocêsteriam sido
eles/elasteriam sido

Future perfect (Futuro composto) Regular

The futuro composto is the future-in-the-future: something will be finished before a later time. It is less frequent than the simple future but still useful for deadlines.

Até sexta, teremos lido tudo o relatório.

PronounPortugueseEnglish
euterei sidoI will have been
tuterás sidoyou will have been
vocêterá sidoyou will have been
ele/elaterá sidohe/she/it will have been
nósteremos sidowe will have been
vóstereis sidoyou (pl.) will have been
vocêsterão sidoyou (pl.) will have been
eles/elasterão sidothey will have been

Subjunctive

Present subjunctive (Conjuntivo presente) Regular

The present subjunctive appears after want, hope, fear, and impersonal triggers, and typically requires a new subject in the subordinate clause, just as in the other main Romance languages.

Espero que encontres o caminho fácil.

PronounPortuguese
euseja
tusejas
vocêseja
ele/elaseja
nóssejamos
vóssejais
vocêssejam
eles/elassejam

Imperfect subjunctive (Conjuntivo pretérito imperf.) Regular

The imperfect subjunctive in se + subjunctive → condicional is the classic “if I were a rich man” line in European Portuguese, parallel to the Spanish -ra form.

Se tivesse mais tempo, aprenderia outro idioma.

PronounPortuguese
eufosse
tufosses
vocêfosse
ele/elafosse
nósfôssemos
vósfôsseis
vocêsfossem
eles/elasfossem

Other forms

Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo afirmativo) Regular

The affirmative imperative in Portuguese is built with tu, você, nós, vós, and vocês forms; Brazilian norms favour você/vocês with third-person present verb shapes.

Diga a verdade, por favor.

PronounPortuguese
tu
vocêseja
ele/elaseja
nóssejamos
vóssede
vocêssejam
eles/elassejam

Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular

Negative commands require não plus the present subjunctive for each person, which is a distinctive feature compared to other Romance systems that reuse present indicative in some slots.

Não falemos com pressa, está tudo calmo.

PronounPortuguese
tunão sejas
vocênão seja
ele/elanão seja
nósnão sejamos
vósnão sejais
vocêsnão sejam
eles/elasnão sejam