saber — Spanish conjugation
to know (facts, how to)
Indicative
Present (Presente) Irregular
The present tense is the most versatile tense in Spanish. It covers actions happening right now, habitual actions, and even near-future plans. One form does the work of three English constructions.
Ella habla inglés — She speaks / is speaking English
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | sé | I know |
| tú | sabes | you know |
| vos | sabés | you know |
| él/ella/Ud. | sabe | he/she/it knows |
| nosotros | sabemos | we know |
| vosotros | sabéis | you (pl.) know |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | saben | they know |
Preterite (Pretérito indefinido) Irregular
Used for completed past actions with a defined endpoint — a single event, a series of events, or an action that interrupted another. Common with time expressions like ayer, el lunes, una vez.
Ella habló de ti ayer — She spoke about you yesterday
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | supe | I knew |
| tú | supiste | you knew |
| vos | supiste | you knew |
| él/ella/Ud. | supo | he/she/it knew |
| nosotros | supimos | we knew |
| vosotros | supisteis | you (pl.) knew |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | supieron | they knew |
Imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) Regular
Describes ongoing or habitual past states — what things were like, background context, what used to happen. Contrasts with the preterite which marks completed events.
Cuando era niño vivía en Valencia — When I was a child I lived in Valencia
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | sabía |
| tú | sabías |
| vos | sabías |
| él/ella/Ud. | sabía |
| nosotros | sabíamos |
| vosotros | sabíais |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | sabían |
Conditional (Condicional) Irregular
Expresses hypothetical actions, polite requests, and what would happen under certain conditions. Also used for reported speech about the future from a past perspective.
¿Podrías ayudarme? — Could you help me?
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | sabría | I would know |
| tú | sabrías | you would know |
| vos | sabrías | you would know |
| él/ella/Ud. | sabría | he/she/it would know |
| nosotros | sabríamos | we would know |
| vosotros | sabríais | you (pl.) would know |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | sabrían | they would know |
Future (Futuro) Irregular
Expresses future actions, predictions, and probability about the present. Formed with the full infinitive as stem for most verbs. In spoken Spanish, ir a + infinitive is often preferred for near future.
Ella hablará en conferencia mañana — She will speak at the conference tomorrow
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | sabré | I will know |
| tú | sabrás | you will know |
| vos | sabrás | you will know |
| él/ella/Ud. | sabrá | he/she/it will know |
| nosotros | sabremos | we will know |
| vosotros | sabréis | you (pl.) will know |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | sabrán | they will know |
Present perfect (Pretérito perfecto) Regular
A compound past tense linking a past action to the present moment — something that has happened and still feels recent or relevant. More common in Spain than Latin America where preterite is preferred.
Hoy he hablado con el jefe — Today I have spoken with the boss
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | he sabido | I have known |
| tú | has sabido | you have known |
| vos | has sabido | you have known |
| él/ella/Ud. | ha sabido | he/she/it has known |
| nosotros | hemos sabido | we have known |
| vosotros | habéis sabido | you (pl.) have known |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | han sabido | they have known |
Pluperfect (Pretérito pluscuamperfecto) Regular
The past of the past — describes an action that was already completed before another past event happened. Always implies a reference point in the past.
Ya había hablado cuando llegaste — She had already spoken when you arrived
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | había sabido | I had known |
| tú | habías sabido | you had known |
| vos | habías sabido | you had known |
| él/ella/Ud. | había sabido | he/she/it had known |
| nosotros | habíamos sabido | we had known |
| vosotros | habíais sabido | you (pl.) had known |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | habían sabido | they had known |
Conditional perfect (Condicional perfecto) Regular
Expresses what would have happened — actions that were possible but did not occur, or regrets about the past. Formed with conditional of haber + past participle.
Habría hablado, pero no me dejaron — I would have spoken, but they did not let me
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | habría sabido |
| tú | habrías sabido |
| vos | habrías sabido |
| él/ella/Ud. | habría sabido |
| nosotros | habríamos sabido |
| vosotros | habríais sabido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | habrían sabido |
Future perfect (Futuro perfecto) Regular
Describes an action that will have been completed by a certain point in the future, or expresses probability about a recent past action.
Para el lunes habré terminado — By Monday I will have finished
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | habré sabido | I will have known |
| tú | habrás sabido | you will have known |
| vos | habrás sabido | you will have known |
| él/ella/Ud. | habrá sabido | he/she/it will have known |
| nosotros | habremos sabido | we will have known |
| vosotros | habréis sabido | you (pl.) will have known |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | habrán sabido | they will have known |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Subjuntivo presente) Irregular
Used in subordinate clauses after expressions of desire, doubt, emotion, necessity, or impersonal statements. Triggered by a change of subject between the main and subordinate clause.
Espero que hable — I hope she speaks
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | sepa |
| tú | sepas |
| vos | sepas |
| él/ella/Ud. | sepa |
| nosotros | sepamos |
| vosotros | sepáis |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | sepan |
Imperfect subjunctive (-ra) (Subjuntivo imperfecto (-ra)) Irregular
The past subjunctive used after past main verbs, in if-clauses with conditional, and for polite softening. The -ra form is more common in everyday speech than the -se form.
Si pudiera, lo haría — If I could, I would do it
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | supiera |
| tú | supieras |
| vos | supieras |
| él/ella/Ud. | supiera |
| nosotros | supiéramos |
| vosotros | supierais |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | supieran |
Imperfect subjunctive (-se) (Subjuntivo imperfecto (-se)) Regular
The alternative past subjunctive form. Interchangeable with -ra in most contexts but slightly more literary or formal. Both forms are grammatically correct in all regions.
Si pudiese, lo haría — If I could, I would do it
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | supiese |
| tú | supieses |
| vos | supieses |
| él/ella/Ud. | supiese |
| nosotros | supiésemos |
| vosotros | supieseis |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | supiesen |
Perfect subjunctive (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) Regular
A compound subjunctive that expresses completed actions in a subjunctive context — used after present or future main verbs expressing doubt, emotion or desire.
Dudo que ya haya llegado — I doubt she has already arrived
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | haya sabido |
| tú | hayas sabido |
| vos | hayas sabido |
| él/ella/Ud. | haya sabido |
| nosotros | hayamos sabido |
| vosotros | hayáis sabido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | hayan sabido |
Pluperfect subjunctive (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo) Regular
Expresses what had happened in hypothetical or unreal past contexts — the subjunctive equivalent of the pluperfect. Common in contrary-to-fact past conditions.
Si hubiera hablado, lo habrían creído — If she had spoken, they would have believed her
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | hubiera sabido |
| tú | hubieras sabido |
| vos | hubieras sabido |
| él/ella/Ud. | hubiera sabido |
| nosotros | hubiéramos sabido |
| vosotros | hubierais sabido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | hubieran sabido |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo afirmativo) Irregular
Direct commands and instructions. The imperative only exists for tú, usted, nosotros, vosotros and ustedes — yo has no command form. Affirmative and negative forms use different conjugations.
Habla más despacio — Speak more slowly
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| tú | sabe |
| vos | sabé |
| él/ella/Ud. | sepa |
| nosotros | sepamos |
| vosotros | sabed |
| ustedes | sepan |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands use the subjunctive forms for all persons. Formed with no + present subjunctive. This applies to all persons including tú where the affirmative uses a different form.
No hables tan rápido — Do not speak so fast
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| tú | no sepas |
| vos | no sepas |
| él/ella/Ud. | no sepa |
| nosotros | no sepamos |
| vosotros | no sepáis |
| ustedes | no sepan |
Present progressive (Presente progresivo) Regular
Emphasises that an action is happening right now at this very moment. Less common than in English since the present tense already covers ongoing actions in Spanish.
Estoy hablando contigo — I am speaking with you
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | estoy sabiendo |
| tú | estás sabiendo |
| vos | estás sabiendo |
| él/ella/Ud. | está sabiendo |
| nosotros | estamos sabiendo |
| vosotros | estáis sabiendo |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | están sabiendo |
Preterite progressive (Pretérito indefinido progresivo) Regular
Describes an action that was in progress throughout a completed past period. Uses the preterite of estar + gerund to emphasise the ongoing nature within a defined timeframe.
Estuvo hablando toda la tarde — He was talking all afternoon
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | estuve sabiendo |
| tú | estuviste sabiendo |
| vos | estuviste sabiendo |
| él/ella/Ud. | estuvo sabiendo |
| nosotros | estuvimos sabiendo |
| vosotros | estuvisteis sabiendo |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | estuvieron sabiendo |
Imperfect progressive (Pretérito imperfecto progresivo) Regular
Emphasises an ongoing background action using the imperfect of estar + gerund. Layered on top of the imperfect which already conveys continuity — used for extra emphasis on the progressive nature.
Estaba hablando cuando entró — I was speaking when he came in
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | estaba sabiendo |
| tú | estabas sabiendo |
| vos | estabas sabiendo |
| él/ella/Ud. | estaba sabiendo |
| nosotros | estábamos sabiendo |
| vosotros | estabais sabiendo |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | estaban sabiendo |
Conditional progressive (Condicional progresivo) Regular
Expresses what would be in progress under hypothetical conditions. Uses the conditional of estar + gerund. Less common but used for emphasis on the ongoing nature of a hypothetical action.
Estaría hablando ahora si pudiera — I would be speaking now if I could
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | estaría sabiendo |
| tú | estarías sabiendo |
| vos | estarías sabiendo |
| él/ella/Ud. | estaría sabiendo |
| nosotros | estaríamos sabiendo |
| vosotros | estaríais sabiendo |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | estarían sabiendo |
Future progressive (Futuro progresivo) Regular
Describes an action that will be in progress at a future point, or expresses probability about an ongoing present action. Uses the future of estar + gerund.
Mañana a esta hora estaré viajando — At this time tomorrow I will be travelling
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| yo | estaré sabiendo |
| tú | estarás sabiendo |
| vos | estarás sabiendo |
| él/ella/Ud. | estará sabiendo |
| nosotros | estaremos sabiendo |
| vosotros | estaréis sabiendo |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | estarán sabiendo |