frustare — Italian conjugation
to frustrate
Indicative
Present (Presente) Regular
The presente covers habits, ongoing situations, and plans about to start — much like English “I study” and “I am studying”. One present tense does both in Italian.
Lavora da casa tre giorni a settimana.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | frusto | I frustrate |
| tu | frusti | you frustrate |
| lui/lei | frusta | he/she/it frustrates |
| noi | frustiamo | we frustrate |
| voi | frustate | you (pl.) frustrate |
| loro | frustano | they frustrate |
Simple past (Passato remoto) Regular
The passato remoto tells a completed, narrative past, especially in the south and in literature. The passato prossimo is the normal spoken past in the north, so you choose register and region, not a difference in time alone.
Quella sera arrivò tardi, senza alibi.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | frustai | I frustrated |
| tu | frustasti | you frustrated |
| lui/lei | frustò | he/she/it frustrated |
| noi | frustammo | we frustrated |
| voi | frustaste | you (pl.) frustrated |
| loro | frustarono | they frustrated |
Imperfect (Imperfetto) Regular
The imperfetto is for incomplete past actions, context, and repeated or habitual situations without a clear end. The passato prossimo, not the remoto, is its usual “event” partner in speech.
Da bambina passavo le estati al mare.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | frustavo |
| tu | frustavi |
| lui/lei | frustava |
| noi | frustavamo |
| voi | frustavate |
| loro | frustavano |
Conditional (Condizionale) Regular
The condizionale is for polite “would you…”, first-condition hypotheticals, and reported future from a past point of view. The classic if-chain is se + imperfetto → condizionale.
Potresti alzare un poco la voce?
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | frusterei | I would frustrate |
| tu | frusteresti | you would frustrate |
| lui/lei | frusterebbe | he/she/it would frustrate |
| noi | frusteremmo | we would frustrate |
| voi | frustereste | you (pl.) would frustrate |
| loro | frusterebbero | they would frustrate |
Future (Futuro semplice) Regular
The futuro semplice is for predictions and far decisions. In speech you often hear the present (with a time adverb) or a paraphrase, and a famous trick is the futuro di probabilità for a present guess: saranno le tre.
Domani partiremo all'alba.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | frusterò | I will frustrate |
| tu | frusterai | you will frustrate |
| lui/lei | frusterà | he/she/it will frustrate |
| noi | frusteremo | we will frustrate |
| voi | frusterete | you (pl.) will frustrate |
| loro | frusteranno | they will frustrate |
Present perfect (Passato prossimo) Regular
The passato prossimo is the workhorse preterit-like past in the north and in everyday Italian: avere/essere + participle, essere for reflexives, motion, and other change-of-state patterns.
Siamo andati a piedi, poi abbiamo preso l'autobus.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | ho frustato | I have frustrated |
| tu | hai frustato | you have frustrated |
| lui/lei | ha frustato | he/she/it has frustrated |
| noi | abbiamo frustato | we have frustrated |
| voi | avete frustato | you (pl.) have frustrated |
| loro | hanno frustato | they have frustrated |
Pluperfect (Trapassato prossimo) Regular
The trapassato prossimo is “further in the past than another past” — the Italian pluperfect. It pairs with a main past clause to mark sequence.
Avevamo già mangiato quando suonò il telefono.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avevo frustato | I had frustrated |
| tu | avevi frustato | you had frustrated |
| lui/lei | aveva frustato | he/she/it had frustrated |
| noi | avevamo frustato | we had frustrated |
| voi | avevate frustato | you (pl.) had frustrated |
| loro | avevano frustato | they had frustrated |
Conditional perfect (Condizionale passato) Regular
The condizionale passato is for unreal or missed past results and often appears with se + trapassato prossimo in the protasis.
Avrei accettato, se mi avessero avvisato in tempo.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | avrei frustato |
| tu | avresti frustato |
| lui/lei | avrebbe frustato |
| noi | avremmo frustato |
| voi | avreste frustato |
| loro | avrebbero frustato |
Future perfect (Futuro anteriore) Regular
The futuro anteriore says something will already be over before a still-later future, or, like the French, can express a logical guess about a past result.
Entro le cinque, avrà già lasciato l'ufficio.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avrò frustato | I will have frustrated |
| tu | avrai frustato | you will have frustrated |
| lui/lei | avrà frustato | he/she/it will have frustrated |
| noi | avremo frustato | we will have frustrated |
| voi | avrete frustato | you (pl.) will have frustrated |
| loro | avranno frustato | they will have frustrated |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Congiuntivo presente) Regular
The congiuntivo presente is required after many verbs and fixed phrases of will, fear, purpose, and doubt. Impersonal and semi-impersonal triggers (è importante che) also force the subjunctive mood.
Penso che sia la scelta giusta.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | frusti |
| tu | frusti |
| lui/lei | frusti |
| noi | frustiamo |
| voi | frustiate |
| loro | frustino |
Imperfect subjunctive (Congiuntivo imperfetto) Regular
The congiuntivo imperfetto is the past of the congiuntivo system after a past matrix clause and in se + congi. imperf. → condizionale with unreal conditions.
Se avessi più tempo, viaggerei ogni mese.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | frustassi |
| tu | frustassi |
| lui/lei | frustasse |
| noi | frustassimo |
| voi | frustaste |
| loro | frustassero |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo) Regular
The affirmative imperativo reuses the tu form as 3sg for -are verbs, while other conjugations use the normal tu present. It is the direct command register.
Raccontami com'è andata l'esame.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | frusta |
| lui/lei | frusti |
| noi | frustiamo |
| voi | frustate |
| loro | frustino |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands use non + full infinitive in modern Italian, which is a distinctive rule compared to other Romance languages. Polite or indirect “please don’t” can still soften the tone in context.
Non aprire quella finestra, per favore.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | non frustare |
| lui/lei | non frusti |
| noi | non frustiamo |
| voi | non frustate |
| loro | non frustino |