chiudere — Italian conjugation
to close
Indicative
Present (Presente) Regular
The presente covers habits, ongoing situations, and plans about to start — much like English “I study” and “I am studying”. One present tense does both in Italian.
Lavora da casa tre giorni a settimana.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | chiudo | I close |
| tu | chiudi | you close |
| lui/lei | chiude | he/she/it closes |
| noi | chiudiamo | we close |
| voi | chiudete | you (pl.) close |
| loro | chiudono | they close |
Simple past (Passato remoto) Irregular
The passato remoto tells a completed, narrative past, especially in the south and in literature. The passato prossimo is the normal spoken past in the north, so you choose register and region, not a difference in time alone.
Quella sera arrivò tardi, senza alibi.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | chiusi | I closed |
| tu | chiudesti | you closed |
| lui/lei | chiuse | he/she/it closed |
| noi | chiudemmo | we closed |
| voi | chiudeste | you (pl.) closed |
| loro | chiusero | they closed |
Imperfect (Imperfetto) Regular
The imperfetto is for incomplete past actions, context, and repeated or habitual situations without a clear end. The passato prossimo, not the remoto, is its usual “event” partner in speech.
Da bambina passavo le estati al mare.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | chiudevo |
| tu | chiudevi |
| lui/lei | chiudeva |
| noi | chiudevamo |
| voi | chiudevate |
| loro | chiudevano |
Conditional (Condizionale) Regular
The condizionale is for polite “would you…”, first-condition hypotheticals, and reported future from a past point of view. The classic if-chain is se + imperfetto → condizionale.
Potresti alzare un poco la voce?
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | chiuderei | I would close |
| tu | chiuderesti | you would close |
| lui/lei | chiuderebbe | he/she/it would close |
| noi | chiuderemmo | we would close |
| voi | chiudereste | you (pl.) would close |
| loro | chiuderebbero | they would close |
Future (Futuro semplice) Regular
The futuro semplice is for predictions and far decisions. In speech you often hear the present (with a time adverb) or a paraphrase, and a famous trick is the futuro di probabilità for a present guess: saranno le tre.
Domani partiremo all'alba.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | chiuderò | I will close |
| tu | chiuderai | you will close |
| lui/lei | chiuderà | he/she/it will close |
| noi | chiuderemo | we will close |
| voi | chiuderete | you (pl.) will close |
| loro | chiuderanno | they will close |
Present perfect (Passato prossimo) Regular
The passato prossimo is the workhorse preterit-like past in the north and in everyday Italian: avere/essere + participle, essere for reflexives, motion, and other change-of-state patterns.
Siamo andati a piedi, poi abbiamo preso l'autobus.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | ho chiuso | I have closed |
| tu | hai chiuso | you have closed |
| lui/lei | ha chiuso | he/she/it has closed |
| noi | abbiamo chiuso | we have closed |
| voi | avete chiuso | you (pl.) have closed |
| loro | hanno chiuso | they have closed |
Pluperfect (Trapassato prossimo) Regular
The trapassato prossimo is “further in the past than another past” — the Italian pluperfect. It pairs with a main past clause to mark sequence.
Avevamo già mangiato quando suonò il telefono.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avevo chiuso | I had closed |
| tu | avevi chiuso | you had closed |
| lui/lei | aveva chiuso | he/she/it had closed |
| noi | avevamo chiuso | we had closed |
| voi | avevate chiuso | you (pl.) had closed |
| loro | avevano chiuso | they had closed |
Conditional perfect (Condizionale passato) Regular
The condizionale passato is for unreal or missed past results and often appears with se + trapassato prossimo in the protasis.
Avrei accettato, se mi avessero avvisato in tempo.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | avrei chiuso |
| tu | avresti chiuso |
| lui/lei | avrebbe chiuso |
| noi | avremmo chiuso |
| voi | avreste chiuso |
| loro | avrebbero chiuso |
Future perfect (Futuro anteriore) Regular
The futuro anteriore says something will already be over before a still-later future, or, like the French, can express a logical guess about a past result.
Entro le cinque, avrà già lasciato l'ufficio.
| Pronoun | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|
| io | avrò chiuso | I will have closed |
| tu | avrai chiuso | you will have closed |
| lui/lei | avrà chiuso | he/she/it will have closed |
| noi | avremo chiuso | we will have closed |
| voi | avrete chiuso | you (pl.) will have closed |
| loro | avranno chiuso | they will have closed |
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Congiuntivo presente) Regular
The congiuntivo presente is required after many verbs and fixed phrases of will, fear, purpose, and doubt. Impersonal and semi-impersonal triggers (è importante che) also force the subjunctive mood.
Penso che sia la scelta giusta.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | chiuda |
| tu | chiuda |
| lui/lei | chiuda |
| noi | chiudiamo |
| voi | chiudiate |
| loro | chiudano |
Imperfect subjunctive (Congiuntivo imperfetto) Regular
The congiuntivo imperfetto is the past of the congiuntivo system after a past matrix clause and in se + congi. imperf. → condizionale with unreal conditions.
Se avessi più tempo, viaggerei ogni mese.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| io | chiudessi |
| tu | chiudessi |
| lui/lei | chiudesse |
| noi | chiudessimo |
| voi | chiudeste |
| loro | chiudessero |
Other forms
Imperative (affirmative) (Imperativo) Regular
The affirmative imperativo reuses the tu form as 3sg for -are verbs, while other conjugations use the normal tu present. It is the direct command register.
Raccontami com'è andata l'esame.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | chiudi |
| lui/lei | chiuda |
| noi | chiudiamo |
| voi | chiudete |
| loro | chiudano |
Imperative (negative) (Imperativo negativo) Regular
Negative commands use non + full infinitive in modern Italian, which is a distinctive rule compared to other Romance languages. Polite or indirect “please don’t” can still soften the tone in context.
Non aprire quella finestra, per favore.
| Pronoun | Italian |
|---|---|
| tu | non chiudere |
| lui/lei | non chiuda |
| noi | non chiudiamo |
| voi | non chiudete |
| loro | non chiudano |