lesen — German conjugation
to read
Indicative
Present (Präsens) Irregular
Präsens is the default present for facts, habits, and near-future plans. German has no continuous aspect in the same way as English, so a single form often covers both “I work” and “I am working” when you add a time adverb or context.
Ich arbeite heute im Homeoffice.
| Pronoun | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| ich | lese | I read |
| du | liest | you read |
| er/sie/es | liest | he/she/it reads |
| wir | lesen | we read |
| ihr | lest | you (pl.) read |
| sie/Sie | lesen | they read |
Simple past (Präteritum) Irregular
Präteritum is a narrative past, common in print and in northern speech, while southern speakers lean on the perfect in conversation. sein and haben keep their Präteritum even when you otherwise avoid the preterite.
Er war müde, aber er hatte keinen Kaffee mehr.
| Pronoun | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| ich | las | I read |
| du | lasest | you read |
| er/sie/es | las | he/she/it read |
| wir | lasen | we read |
| ihr | last | you (pl.) read |
| sie/Sie | lasen | they read |
Present perfect (Perfekt) Irregular
The Perfekt is the everyday past for finished events: auxiliary haben or sein plus participle, with sein for most motion, coming/going, and some change-of-state verbs.
Wir sind rechtzeitig angekommen und haben gefeiert.
| Pronoun | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| ich | habe gelesen | I have read |
| du | hast gelesen | you have read |
| er/sie/es | hat gelesen | he/she/it has read |
| wir | haben gelesen | we have read |
| ihr | habt gelesen | you (pl.) have read |
| sie/Sie | haben gelesen | they have read |
Pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt) Irregular
The Plusquamperfekt is the pluperfect: it marks what had already completed before a later past episode in the same narrative.
Sie war schon gegangen, bevor er ankam.
| Pronoun | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| ich | hatte gelesen | I had read |
| du | hattest gelesen | you had read |
| er/sie/es | hatte gelesen | he/she/it had read |
| wir | hatten gelesen | we had read |
| ihr | hattet gelesen | you (pl.) had read |
| sie/Sie | hatten gelesen | they had read |
Future I (Futur I) Irregular
Futur I is for predictions, firm promises, and also probability about the present in colloquial German. Everyday speech very often uses Präsens plus a time expression instead.
Morgen schneit es, sagt der Wetterbericht.
| Pronoun | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| ich | werde lesen | I will read |
| du | wirst lesen | you will read |
| er/sie/es | wird lesen | he/she/it will read |
| wir | werden lesen | we will read |
| ihr | werdet lesen | you (pl.) will read |
| sie/Sie | werden lesen | they will read |
Future II (Futur II) Irregular
Futur II (werden + participle + haben/sein) names an action that will be completed before a later time, and can also express a guess that something must already have happened.
Bis Freitag werde ich alles gepackt haben.
| Pronoun | German | English |
|---|---|---|
| ich | werde gelesen haben | I will have read |
| du | wirst gelesen haben | you will have read |
| er/sie/es | wird gelesen haben | he/she/it will have read |
| wir | werden gelesen haben | we will have read |
| ihr | werdet gelesen haben | you (pl.) will have read |
| sie/Sie | werden gelesen haben | they will have read |
Subjunctive
Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) Irregular
Konjunktiv II is the mood for politeness, contrary-to-fact if-clauses, and reported views. In speech, würde + infinitive often stands in for rarer preterit-based forms.
Könnten Sie mir bitte helfen?
| Pronoun | German |
|---|---|
| ich | läse |
| du | läsest |
| er/sie/es | läse |
| wir | läsen |
| ihr | läset |
| sie/Sie | läsen |
Other forms
Imperative (Imperativ) Irregular
The imperative uses the du, ihr, and Sie forms of command; the informal du form drops the -st of the present for many strong verbs, and separable-prefix verbs place the prefix at the end.
Mach bitte schnell, der Zug fährt gleich ab.
| Pronoun | German |
|---|---|
| du | lies |
| ihr | lest |